Perennial Herbs for Zone 3 Gardens

Grouping of Zone 3 Herbs

Can you grow herbs in Zone 3? Yes, you can! The task will require some compromises, though, and a little extra effort. USDA hardiness Zone 3 represents some of the coldest regions in the continental U.S., with average minimum winter temperatures ranging from -40°F to -30°F.  This might seem discouraging for herb gardening enthusiasts, but a variety of herbs thrive in these conditions and may make good specimen plants, although some don't necessarily meet the needs of the average herb lover. All are perennials.

Of particular interest are native species that feel at home in Zone 3. The upside is that native plants are more likely to do well. The downside is there is often a lack ok good information about their culinary, medicinal and other benefits. Another problem is that some have been scientifically reviewed, only to be rejected for their potentially unfavorable properties. 

Perennial Herbs for Hardiness Zone 3

Agrimony - Agrimonia eupatoria

Angelica - Angelica archangelica

Arnica - Arnica Mountaina

Catnip - Nepeta cataria

Chives- Allium schoenoprasum

Dandelion - Taraxacum officinale

Echinacea - Echinacea purpurea

Ginseng (American) - Panax quinquefolius

Hops - Humulus lupulus

Ironweed - Vernonia noveboracensis

Meadowsweet - Filipendula ulmaria

Mint - Mentha spp

Mugwort - Artemisia vulgaris

Scullcap - Scutellaria lateriflora

Soapwort - Saponaria officinalis

Tansy - Tanacetum vulgare

Tarragon  Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa

Beyond the herbs listed here, there are "marginal" herbs not strictly recommended for Zone 3 that may still do well in protected areas, or microclimates, of your landscape.  Some of your favorite herbs could also become "commuter" plants that will need to overwinter indoors. 

If you're interested in keeping more and different perennial herbs than are compatible for Zone 3, check out Zone 4 and higher specialized herb cultivars that may be more cold-hardy than their common heirloom cousins. They may be better protected against Zone 3's extreme winters. To address short-growing season problems, season extension techniques could be useful, too, like mulching and using row covers.

To take advantage of the short growing season, start herbs from seeds, seedlings or cuttings indoors (hydroponic setups great for this), and employee cold frames and other measures to ensure their safety when giving them a jump start on spring outdoors. Keep the projected last frost date for your area in mind, and plan accordingly.

Absent other options, many perennials can be grown successfully as annuals and  replaced from year to year. 

With a little creative planning, you can still cultivate a flourishing herb garden, even in a cold climate.

Summary - Perennial Herbs That Will Grow in Hardiness Zone 3

Agrimony

(Agrimonia eupatoria)

While not as widely used in today's gardens, Agrimony's bright yellow flowers can add welcome sunshine to flower beds after a long, hard winter. Agrimony's name comes from the Greek "argemone," meaning "eye disease."

Medicinal - Agrimony: A Traditionally Soothing Herb
Agrimony has a long history of use in herbal medicine in Europe and Asia, where it was used to soothe digestive issues, inflammation, sore throat and eye problems. Modern research suggests Agrimony might possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and could have potential benefits for wound healing. Research is ongoing. Stay tuned.

Let's see how agrimony stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Agrimonia eupatoria
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Direct sow agrimony seeds in early spring or fall in a sunny location. Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep and keep the soil moist until germination. Seeds can take 4 to 6 weeks to germinate.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained, fertile soil.
• Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 18 to 24 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 70 to 80 days
• Height: 2 to 4 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Leaf beetles
• Uses and Benefits: Agrimony has been used traditionally to treat diarrhea, sore throats, and inflammation. The leaves and flowers can be used to make tea.
• Propagation: Seed
• Common Names: Common agrimony, eupatorium, euphrasy
• Companion Planting: Borage, chamomile, lavender, thyme
• History/Origin: Native to Europe and Asia

Angelica

(Angelica archangelica)

Angelica Is an attractive, tall plant with fern-like leaves. Its stems are made into a traditional candy in some parts of Europe, and its roots are a popular ingredient in alcoholic beverages like Benedictine, vermouth, Chartreuse and gin. Angelica has a historical association with the archangel Michael, giving this classic herb a reputation by association as powerful protection against evil and sickness.

Medicinal Angelica: Angelica's history as a medicinal herb dates back over 4000 years. It was used to treat digestive problems, respiratory issues, anxiety and more. Today, angelica is being explored for its potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Studies suggest it might aid digestion and improve circulation. 

Let's see how angelica stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Angelica archangelica
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow angelica seeds in the fall in a cold frame or directly outdoors in a sheltered location. Seeds need a period of cold stratification to germinate.
• Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained soil.
• Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 2 to 3 feet apart.
• Days to Maturity: 2 to 3 years
• Height: Up to 6 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Can be susceptible to caterpillars, sawflies and fungal diseases.
• Uses and Benefits: Angelica is used in some cultures as a culinary herb and medicinal plant. The stems and leaves can be candied or used to make tea.
• Propagation: Seed
• Common Names: Garden angelica, holy angelica, Norwegian angelica
• Companion Planting: Chervil, fennel, lovage
• History/Origin: Native to Europe and Asia, angelica has been used medicinally for centuries.

Arnica

(Arnica montana)

Although not a good choice for a modern herb garden, Arnica makes an interesting addition to an herbalist's collection of medicinal plants. Its name comes from the Greek word "arnis," meaning "lamb," possibly because of the downy appearance of its flower heads. However, it's important to remember that Arnica is for topical use only and should never be ingested.

Medicinal Arnica: Arnica is known for its use in topical pain relief for bruises, sprains, and muscle soreness. These uses are backed by some modern research, with studies suggesting Arnica's potential to reduce inflammation and pain when applied directly to the skin. While some studies show promise for post-surgical bruising and osteoarthritis pain relief, research on Arnica's effectiveness is mixed, and it's important to remember Arnica is toxic if ingested.

Let's see how arnica stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Arnica montana
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow arnica seeds in the fall in a cold frame or directly outdoors in a sheltered location. Seeds need a period of cold stratification to germinate.
• Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter.
• Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 12 to 18 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 1 to 2 years
• Height: 1 to 2 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Root weevils
• Uses and Benefits: Arnica is a popular topical pain reliever. It is important to note that arnica should not be taken internally as it can be toxic.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: Mountain daisy, leopard's bane, wolf's bane
• Seed Longevity: Short-lived (less than 1 year)
• Companion Planting: Chamomile, feverfew, yarrow
• History/Origin: Native to the mountains of Europe and Asia, arnica has been used medicinally for centuries

Catnip

(Nepeta cataria)

Catnip is a member of the mint family and is well-known for its irresistible effect on cats. It can be grown easily in gardens and used in teas (for cats) and catnip toys.

Medicinal Catnip: While not used medicinally for humans, catnip has a long history of being used to calm cats. Egyptians documented its feline allure as early as 2,000 BC. The active ingredient in catnip, nepetalactone, binds to receptors in a cat's nose, triggering a euphoric response that lasts for several minutes. This playful behavior is believed to be a mimicry of hunting behaviors. Catnip has no known medicinal benefits for humans, but its effect on cats can provide entertainment and stress relief -- for their owners.

Let's see how catnip stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Nepeta cataria
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow catnip seeds directly outdoors in the spring or early summer after the danger of frost has passed. You can also start seeds indoors 6 weeks before the last frost date.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained soil in a sunny location.
• Watering: Water moderately. Catnip is drought tolerant once established.
• Lighting: Full sun.
• Spacing: 12 to 18 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 50 to 60 days
• Height at Maturity: 1 to 3 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Aphids and catnip weevils
• Uses and Benefits: Catnip is well-known for its effect on cats, but it can also be used to make tea that may relieve headaches, stomachaches, and anxiety.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: Catmint, catnip herb
• Companion Planting: Tomatoes, peppers, borage, mint (in containers)
• History/Origin: Native to Europe and Asia, catnip has been used for centuries, both medicinally and to attract cats.

Chives

(Allium schoenoprasum)

Chives sprout as vibrant green shoots and have a mild oniony flavor. They are a versatile ingredient in cooking that adds freshness to recipes. Chives are one of the oldest cultivated vegetables. Their use dates back over 5,000 years.

Medicinal Chives: Historical records from various cultures mention the use of chives for digestion, fatigue, and insect bites. Current research suggests chives may offer health benefits from their antioxidant and prebiotic properties.

Let's see how chives stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Allium schoenoprasum
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow chives seeds directly outdoors in early spring or fall in a sunny location. You can also divide existing clumps.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained, fertile soil.
• Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 6 to 8 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 50 to 60 days (for harvesting leaves)
• Height: 12 to 18 inches tall
• Pests and Diseases: Thrips, onion maggots
• Uses and Benefits: Chives are a popular culinary herb with a mild onion flavor. They can be used fresh or dried in various dishes.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: Garden chives, rush chives
• Companion Planting: Carrots, tomatoes, lettuce, strawberries
• History/Origin: Native to Siberia and Central Asia, chives have been cultivated for centuries for their culinary uses.

Dandelion

(Taraxacum officinale)

Often considered a weed, dandelion can add color to a garden with its bright yellow flowers. Its leaves can be used in salads, and the roots can be roasted and ground as a coffee substitute. The dandelion's fluffy seed head is remarkable, too. Each individual seed has its own tiny parachute, allowing the wind to carry it far and wide. Although this can be pretty amazing, it can make dandelion an invasive plant

Medicinal Dandelion: Traditionally, dandelion leaves have been used as a diuretic, and the root is consumed for liver health. Studies suggest dandelion root might have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and research also suggests it could play a role in blood sugar regulation.

Let's see how dandelion stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Taraxacum officinale
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Not recommended for sowing, as dandelions are prolific spreaders and can be considered a weed in some areas.
• Soil: Adapts to a wide range of soil conditions but prefers well-drained soil.
• Watering: Needs moderate moisture.
• Lighting: Full sun.
• Spacing: Not applicable, as dandelions will readily spread by seed.
• Days to Maturity: 60 to 70 days (for leaves)
• Height: 6 to 12 inches tall
• Pests and Diseases: Slugs and snails
• Uses and Benefits: All parts of the dandelion plant are edible. The leaves can be used in salads, and the roots can be roasted and used as a coffee substitute. Dandelion is also believed to have some medicinal benefits.
• Propagation: Not typically propagated, but spreads readily by seed.
• Common Names: Common dandelion, blowball, puff-ball
• Companion Planting: Not recommended for planting with cultivated crops, as dandelions can be invasive.
• History/Origin: Native to Eurasia, dandelions have spread worldwide and are considered weeds in many areas.

Echinacea

(Echinacea purpurea)

Echinacea produces daisy-like flowers that attract pollinators. While not typically used in cooking, some cultures have incorporated Echinacea petals into teas or salads. The name "Echinacea" comes from the Greek word "echinos," meaning "hedgehog." This refers to the spiny cone at the center of the plant's flower head.

Medicinal - Echinacea: Echinacea is a popular herb for immune support. Native American tribes have used it for centuries. Studies on Echinacea's effectiveness in preventing colds have yielded mixed results, though. The research is ongoing.

Let's see how echinacea stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Echinacea purpurea
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Direct sow echinacea seeds in early spring or fall in a sunny location. Seeds benefit from a cold stratification period (exposed to cold temperatures) before germination. Alternatively, start seeds indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost date.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained, fertile soil.
• Watering: Water moderately, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 12 to 18 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 1 to 2 years for flowers (blooms in the second year typically).
• Height: 2 to 4 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Leafhoppers, Echinacea purpurea stem borer
• Uses and Benefits: Echinacea is a popular herb used to support the immune system. The above-ground parts of the plant are used to make tea, tinctures, and extracts.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: Purple coneflower, hedgehog conehead
• Companion Planting: Yarrow, bee balm, lavender, hyssop
• History/Origin: Native to North America, echinacea has been used by Native Americans for centuries for medicinal purposes.

Ginseng

- American (Panax quinquefolius)

American Ginseng is a slow-growing plant not typically cultivated in home gardens. However, the root is used in some traditional Asian cuisines, such as ginseng tea or soups. Ginseng has been revered in Asian cultures for millennia, earning nicknames like the "king of herbs" or "man root" due to its perceived health benefits.

Medicinal Ginseng (American) American Ginseng is a close relative to Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng) with similar potential benefits. Research on American Ginseng is underway, with some studies suggesting it might improve cognitive function, reduce fatigue, and support blood sugar management. However, more high-quality studies are needed.

Let's see how ginseng stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Panax quinquefolius
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Due to slow growth and specific requirements, American ginseng is not recommended for sowing by home gardeners. Seeds require cold stratification and shade for germination.
• Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained, loamy soil rich in organic matter, with a slightly acidic ph.
• Watering: Consistent moisture is essential. In areas where dry periods are expected, provide protective measures like mulching for plants.
• Lighting: Prefers partial shade to shade, mimicking its natural forest habitat.
• Spacing: Not applicable for home gardeners, as American ginseng is a slow-growing woodland plant.
• Days to Maturity: 4 to 7 years for mature roots (commercially harvested).
• Height: 1 to 2 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Voles, Alternaria panax (fungal disease)
• Uses and Benefits: American ginseng is a valued medicinal herb used for its adaptogenic properties, believed to help the body adapt to stress. The root is the primary part used.
• Propagation: Seed (commercially), not recommended for home gardeners due to difficulty.
• Common Names: American ginseng, sang
• Companion Planting: Not applicable for home gardeners, as American ginseng requires specific woodland conditions.
• History/Origin: Native to the eastern hardwood forests of North America, American ginseng has a long history of medicinal use by indigenous peoples and is now a highly sought-after medicinal herb.

Hops

(Humulus lupulus)

Hops are climbing vines. While not typically grown in ornamental gardens, hops are a crucial ingredient in brewing beer, adding a distinctive bitterness and aroma. Hops are not flowers but unique cones that contain a powdery substance called lupulin, which gives beer its bitter taste and acts as a stabilizing agent. Beautiful green hop cones make a nice addition to the garden. Hops are *dioecious plants.

Medicinal Hops: Primarily known for its role in brewing beer, hops also have a lesser-known history of medicinal use. Traditionally, hops were used as a sedative and sleep aid. Recent research explores hops' potential to promote relaxation and improve sleep. The calming effect might be due to compounds like flavonoids and lupulin. Early research suggests hops might offer some relief for anxiety and insomnia. It may cause interactions with medications, though.

Let's see how hops stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Humulus lupulus
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Not recommended for sowing by seed due to low germination rates and dioecious nature (separate male and female plants). Hops are typically propagated from rhizomes (underground stems).
• Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained, fertile soil with a pH of 6.0-7.0. Needs good support for climbing vines.
• Watering: Regular watering is essential, especially during hot and dry periods. Provide protective measures like mulching, but be sure to keep mulch away from plant crowns.
• Lighting: Full sun for optimal growth.
• Spacing: 6 to 8 feet apart, with a sturdy trellis or support structure.
• Days to Maturity: 60 to 90 days for cones (female flowers used in brewing beer).
• Height: 15 to 20 feet (vining plant)
• Pests and Diseases: Can be susceptible to aphids, two-spotted spider mites, powdery mildew, and downy mildew.
• Uses and Benefits: Hops are primarily used in beer brewing, where the cones impart bitterness and aroma. They may also have some medicinal benefits.
• Propagation: Rhizome division
• Common Names: Common hops, hop vine
• Companion Planting: Not recommended for close companion planting due to the vining nature of hops. However, nitrogen-fixing plants like peas or beans can be beneficial in the same area.
• History/Origin: Native to Europe, western Asia, and North America, hops have been used in brewing for centuries.

Ironweed

(Vernonia noveboracensis)

Ironweed is a tall wildflower with showy purple blooms. It's not typically cultivated in gardens due to its potential for spreading and the lack of established culinary uses. Ironweed gets its name from its tough, sturdy stems, which were once used as a substitute for iron nails.

Medicinal Ironweed: Information about Ironweed's medicinal uses is limited. Some historical references suggest potential use for coughs, wounds, and snakebites, but the reliability of these claims is unclear.

Let's see how ironweed stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Vernonia noveboracensis
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Direct sow ironweed seeds in early spring or fall in a sunny location. Seeds benefit from scarification (nicking the seed coat) to improve germination.
• Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained soil but can tolerate some clay.
• Watering: Needs regular watering.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 2 to 3 feet apart.
• Days to Maturity: 70 to 90 days for flowers.
• Height: 3 to 6 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Ironweed gall fly
• Uses and Benefits: Ironweed is primarily valued for its late-blooming, showy purple flowers that attract butterflies. It can also be used in naturalized areas.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: Eastern ironweed, New York ironweed
• Companion Planting: Goldenrod, milkweed, joe-pye weed, other tall perennials
• History/Origin: Native to eastern North America, ironweed is a valuable late-season nectar source for pollinators.

Meadowsweet

(Filipendula ulmaria)

Meadowsweet's white flowers and attractive foliage add a delicate touch to borders. Its blooms are fragrant and are used to make a sweet-smelling tea. The name "meadowsweet" originates from the word "mead" an alcoholic beverage flavored with this herb. Historically it was likely used as a natural sweetener.

Medicinal Meadowsweet: Meadowsweet has a long history of use in treating fever, inflammation, and stomach ailments. Research suggests it may have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, and some studies show Meadowsweet may help alleviate some of the symptoms of osteoarthritis and menstrual cramps.

Let's see how meadowsweet stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Filipendula ulmaria
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Not recommended for sowing by seed due to poor germination rates. Propagate meadowsweet by division in early spring or fall.
• Soil Requirements: Prefers moist, fertile soil in full sun to partial shade.
• Watering: Water regularly. Don’t allow meadowsweet to dry out during dry spells.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 18 to 24 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 60 to 90 days for flowers.
• Height: 2 to 4 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Sawflies
• Uses and Benefits: Meadowsweet is a beautiful flowering perennial with fragrant white flowers. It can be used in borders or cottage gardens and has some medicinal properties.
• Propagation: Division (not recommended by seed)
• Common Names: Queen of the meadow, bridewort
• Companion Planting: Ferns, hostas, astilbes and other moisture-loving perennials
• History and Place of Origin: Native to Europe and Asia, meadowsweet has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties and beauty.

Mint

(Mentha spp)

This aromatic herb includes many varieties, each offering a unique twist on its signature cool, invigorating flavor. From the familiar spearmint to the intensely minty peppermint, they add a delightful touch to culinary creations, beverages, and even some medicinal applications.

Medicinal Mint: Although modern research is still ongoing, mint is traditionally believed to aid digestion by soothing nausea and easing stomach discomfort. Mint may also possess antiseptic qualities. While more studies are needed to confirm these effects, mint tea remains a popular home remedy for digestive issues.

Let's see how mint stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Mentha spp. (Common mint varieties include spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha × piperita), and chocolate mint (Mentha piperita 'Chocolate Mint').)
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: (marginal)
• Sowing: While possible, starting mint from seeds can be challenging due to small seed size and slow germination. Plant Division is the most common and reliable method for propagating mint. 
• Soil Requirements: Well-drained, moist soil with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH (6.5-7.5). Mint thrives in moist conditions.
• Watering: Consistent moisture. Mint prefers evenly moist soil and may wilt in hot, dry weather.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade. Mint can tolerate some shade but may produce less foliage.
• Spacing: 12 to 18 inches between plants (Mint is a vigorous grower and will spread quickly. Consider planting in containers to control its spread.)
• Days to Maturity: You can harvest leaves throughout the growing season, but avoid harvesting more than one-third of the plant at any one time.
• Pests and Diseases: Relatively pest and disease resistant. Watch for aphids, spider mites, and powdery mildew in poorly ventilated areas.
• Uses and Benefits
• Culinary: Mint is used in various cuisines worldwide. It is also a popular breath freshener and may aid digestion and soothe nausea.
• Propagation Methods: Division (recommended), stem cuttings, seeds
• Common Names: Depending on the variety, some common names include spearmint, peppermint, chocolate mint, apple mint, and curly mint.
• Companion Planting Options: Not recommended to plant mint near other herbs as it can be invasive. 
• History: Mint is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It has been cultivated for centuries for its culinary and medicinal uses.

Mugwort

(Artemisia vulgaris) 

Mugwort's silvery leaves and feathery foliage can add a unique texture to herb gardens. While not as common, mugwort leaves are sometimes used as a bitter herb in some Asian dishes. Mugwort has been associated with dreams and visions for centuries. Some traditions suggest placing mugwort under a pillows to promote vivid dreams or prophetic insights.

Medicinal Mugwort: Mugwort has a history of use for digestive issues, menstrual cramps, and as a sleep aid. Early research suggests potential benefits for anxiety, sleep quality and dream recall. It may also have some digestive and antimicrobial properties. Mugwort can interact with certain medications.

Let's see how mugwort stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Artemisia vulgaris
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow mugwort seeds directly outdoors in early spring or fall in a sunny location. Seeds benefit from cold stratification for better germination.
• Soil: Adapts to a wide range of soil conditions but prefers well-drained soil.
• Watering: Water regularly. Mugwort tolerates some drought once established.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 18 to 24 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 60 to 90 days for leaves.
• Height: 3 to 6 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Leaf miners, Mexican bean beetle
• Uses and Benefits: Mugwort has a long history of medicinal use in various cultures. The leaves can be used for tea, but caution is advised due to potential side effects. It is also sometimes used as a culinary herb.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: Common mugwort, felonwort, wild wormwood
• Companion Planting: Not recommended for close companion planting due to its allelopathic properties (can inhibit the growth of other plants).
• History/Origin: Native to temperate regions of Eurasia and North Africa, mugwort has been used medicinally for centuries.

Scullcap

(Scutellaria lateriflora) 

Scullcap is not typically used for culinary purposes. The name "scullcap" comes from the resemblance of the flower's hood to a historical type of headwear.

Medicinal Scullcap: Native American tribes used Scullcap for various conditions or symptoms, including calming nerves and treating seizures. Research into Scullcap's effectiveness shows some potential for anxiety relief.

Let's see how scullcap stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Scutellaria lateriflora
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow scullcap seeds directly outdoors in early spring or fall in a partially shaded location. Seeds benefit from cold stratification for better germination. You can also start seeds indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost date.
• Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter.
• Watering: Requires regular watering, especially during dry periods.
• Lighting: Partial shade to full shade.
• Spacing: 18 to 24 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 60 to 90 days for leaves (blooms in the second year typically).
• Height: 1 to 3 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Leaf beetles (various)
• Uses and Benefits: Scullcap is a popular herb used traditionally to promote relaxation and relieve anxiety. The above-ground parts of the plant are used to make tea, tinctures, and extracts.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: American skullcap, blue skullcap, mad-dog weed
• Companion Planting: Ferns, hostas, astilbes, other shade-loving perennials
• History/Origin: Native to eastern North America, scullcap has been used by Native Americans for centuries for medicinal purposes.

Soapwort

(Saponaria officinalis)

Soapwort thrives in sunny locations. Its roots contain **saponins, which create a lather similar to that of soap. Soapwort's historical use as a natural soap substitute is reflected in its name, "Saponaria," which comes from the Latin word "sapo," meaning "soap."

Medicinal Soapwort: Primarily used as a natural soap substitute due to its saponin content, Soapwort has some historical medicinal use for skin conditions. Its antibacterial and antifungal properties are being explored, but more research is needed to understand their effectiveness in Soapwort specifically.

Let's see how soapwort stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Saponaria officinalis
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow soapwort seeds directly outdoors in early spring or fall in a sunny location. Seeds benefit from scarification (nicking the seed coat) to improve germination.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained soil in full sun to partial shade.
• Watering: Provide moderate watering, tolerates some drought once established.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 12 to 18 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 50 to 60 days for flowers.
• Height: 1 to 2 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Slugs and snails
• Uses and Benefits: Soapwort gets its name from the *saponin content in its leaves, which can be used to create a natural lather. It also has some historical medicinal uses. The flowers are attractive to pollinators.
• Propagation: Seed, division, cuttings
• Common Names: Bouncing bet, wild sweet William, soapweed
• Companion Planting: Yarrow, catmint, phlox and other perennials with similar sun and moisture needs.
• History/Origin: Native to Europe and western Asia, soapwort has been cultivated for centuries for its medicinal properties and laundry uses.

Tansy

(Tanacetum vulgare):

Due to its toxicity, Tansy is not recommended for planting in gardens or using for culinary purposes. Tansy's strong yellow flower heads were once used to dye fabrics a vibrant yellow. However, its toxicity makes it a dangerous choice for this purpose. I mention here because it is sometimes offered for sale.

Medicinal Tansy: Historically used for deworming and as an abortifacient, it's important to remember that Tansy is highly toxic and dangerous. There is no current research supporting its safe medicinal use.

Let's see how tansy stacks up as a perennial herb for Zone 3:

• Botanical Name: Tanacetum vulgare
• Perennial for Hardiness Zone 3: Yes
• Sowing: Sow tansy seeds directly outdoors in early spring or fall in a sunny location. Seeds benefit from cold stratification for better germination. You can also propagate tansy by division in early spring or fall.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained soil in full sun to partial shade.
• Watering: Needs moderate watering, tolerates some drought once established.
• Lighting: Full sun to partial shade.
• Spacing: 18 to 24 inches apart.
• Days to Maturity: 70 to 90 days for flowers.
• Height: 2 to 4 feet tall
• Pests and Diseases: Tansy leaf beetle
• Uses and Benefits: Tansy has a long history of medicinal use, but caution is advised due to its toxicity. It can also be used as a natural insect repellent, but again, use with caution. The showy yellow flowers are attractive to pollinators.
• Propagation: Seed, division
• Common Names: Common tansy, tansy ragwort, golden buttons
• Companion Planting: Not recommended for close companion planting due to its allelopathic properties (can inhibit the growth of other plants).
• History/Origin: Native to Europe and Asia, tansy has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes and insect repellency. Be aware that tansy can be toxic if ingested in large quantities.

Tarragon

(Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa)

French tarragon is a classic herb famous for its use in French cooking.

Medicinal Tarragon:

Tarragon has been used as a digestive aid, appetite stimulant and to promote sleep. It's slight numbing ability has made it popular In the home treatment of toothache.

Botanical Name: Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa

Perennial for Hardiness Zones: 3: yes

Sowing: Not recommended for seed propagation due to low germination rates.

Soil Requirements: Well-drained, sandy loam soil with a pH betweenspringnd 7.0

Water: Moderate moisture. Avoid overwatering. Prefers drier conditions.

Light: Full sun (6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day)

Spacing: 18-24 inches apart

Days to Maturity: N/A (doesn't mature in the traditional sense, but can be harvested throughout the growing season)

Height: 18-24 inches

Pests and Diseases: Aphids, slugs and snails.  Fungal diseases can occur in poorly drained soil.

Uses (most popular): Culinary herb

Propagation Methods:

Division: Most common method. Divide clumps every 3-4 years in early spring or fall.

Cuttings: Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

Seed: Less common due to low germination rates. Seeds may not produce plants with the same characteristics as the parent plant.

History: Thought to be native to western Asia, but cultivated for centuries in Europe.

Common Names: French Tarragon, True Tarragon, Herbe aux Dragons (Dragon's Herb)

A Roundup of Zone 4 Herbs 

If you don't see your favorite herbs here, take a look at some Zone 4 herbs you might to explore for protected areas of your landscape:

• Anise Hyssop, Agastache foeniculum
• Bergamot, Monarda didyma
• Betony, Stachys officinalis
• Borage, Borago officinalis
• Chamomile (Roman), Chamaemelum nobile
• Comfrey, Symphytum officinale
• Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare
• Feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium
• Figwort (Chinese), Scrophularia buergeriana
• Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis
• Laserwort, Saposhnikovia divaricata
• Lemon Balm, Melissa officinalis
• Lovage, Levisticum officinal
• Motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca
• Sorrel (garden), Rumex acetosa
• Wooly Lamb's Ear, Stachys byzantina

Explanatory Notes:

*Dioecious plants have separate genders. Unlike many plants that have both male and female parts in one flower, dioecious plants have individual plants that produce either male or female flowers. To produce fruit, both a female and male plant need to be within close proximity.

**Saponins are naturally occurring compounds found in many plants. They have a unique property that allows them to produce a lather, like soap. Here's how it works: Saponins have two main parts: a sugar head that's attracted to water (hydrophilic) and a tail that repels water (hydrophobic) When saponins are in water, they arrange themselves at the water's surface, where the sugar head faces the water and the tail faces away. This lowers the surface tension of the water, which is the force that holds water molecules together.

A lower surface tension allows water to mix more easily with oils and fats, creating an emulsion, a mixture of two liquids that wouldn't normally combine. This emulsifying effect allows saponins to act like soap, trapping dirt and oils in the emulsion and allowing them to be rinsed away. This makes soapwort a natural soap substitute.



IMPORTANT: If you're considering any herbal remedy, always consult a healthcare professional to discuss potential benefits, risks, and interactions with medications you may be taking.