Differences Between Bee Balm, Wild Bergamot and Bergamot

Bee balm - Wild bergamot

Bee balm (Monarda didyma) and wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) both belong to the same genus of plants, Monarda, a group of flowering plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Both are native to the U.S., with wild bergamot also native to Canada and Mexico. They are sometimes referred to interchangeably, but there are some differences. Visually, they both have square stems and opposite leaves with serrated margins, but the two can usually be distinguished by their coloration. Bee balm often has vivid red, tubular flowers, while wild bergamot has lavender or sometimes pinkish flowers. The photo above shows both plants side by side.

Medicinal Properties & Traditional Uses

Bee Balm (Monarda didyma):  To Native American tribes like the Oswego and Oneida, bee balm was a powerful healing herb. It was used in tea to alleviate fever, headaches, and digestive issues. Its antiseptic and antibacterial properties also made it useful in treating infections and healing wounds.

Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa): This herb was also highly valued by indigenous peoples for its medicinal properties. The Blackfoot tribe used it as a general health aid, while the Menominee are known to have used it to treat respiratory problems like coughs and colds. 

Anti-inflammatory: Both bee balm and wild bergamot possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making them useful for relieving pain and swelling. Both plants contain antioxidants that can help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. They contain thymol, a natural antiseptic that may even be an ingredient in your favorite mouthwash.

Although similar medicinally, here are some ways these two herbs differ.

Bee Balm (Monarda didyma)

Bee balm contains higher levels of thymol, an antiseptic and antifungal agent. This may make it useful in treating skin infections, wounds, Athlete's foot and other minor fungal conditions. Its higher thymol content also makes it a potential choice for relieving coughs, sore throat, and congestion as a tea or steam inhalation.  Bee balm has some historical use in treating  indigestion and gas as well.

Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa)

Although wild bergamot also contains thymol, its levels are lower than in bee balm. It may still have some effectiveness in treating minor skin irritations and wounds. Wild bergamot is more often used to relieve anxiety, stress, and insomnia in aromatherapy or as a soothing tea. It may have some value in helping to reduce fever, too.

Important Note:

While both these herbs have a long history of medicinal use, scientific research about them is ongoing. Consult with a healthcare professional before using either herb for medicinal purposes, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have any underlying health conditions. Also, these and other herbs can interact with over the counter and prescription medications you may be taking, so it's important to use caution.

Bergamot, the Orange, Is Not Wild Bergamot the Herb

The bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia) is a citrus fruit widely cultivated in the Calabria region of Southern Italy. Its aroma and flavor have made it a popular ingredient used in perfumery and in beverages and foods. 

Bergamot orange's pulp is sour and very bitter, but thanks to its high essential oil content, the peel has a wonderful scent and aroma. The name "bergamot" used for both this unique orange and  the herb wild bergamot is partly responsible for the confusion between these two plants. But there is something else, too. Bergamot orange peel, not wild bergamot, is one of the key ingredients in Earl Grey tea. If you're a tea enthusiast, you've probably noticed this tea's unique citrusy/floral qualities. 

I hope this clears up the confusion.

Special note: Because of its calming properties, bergamot orange oil is a common ingredient in aromatherapy. The next time you feel stressed, indulge in a little Earl Grey tea for some welcome relief.

Growing Tips

Bee Balm (Monarda didyma) and Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) are both relatively easy to grow in your garden. Here are some suggestions on the best way to cultivate and care for them:

Planting:

• Plant in spring or fall, after the last frost. Sow seeds directly in the garden, or start indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost in spring.
• Choose a spot with full sun to partial shade. Bee balm prefers more moisture, while wild bergamot tolerates drier conditions. So, keep that in mind.
• Provide well-draining, rich soil. Don't stint with these beauties. (Bee balm prefers slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6.0-7.0), while wild bergamot is more tolerant of a higher pH.) For the best results, space plants 18 to 24 inches apart.

Care:

• Water regularly, especially during extended dry periods. For added protection, apply a layer of mulch to retain moisture. (Bee balm needs more regular watering than wild bergamot.
• Feed in spring with a balanced fertilizer. 
• Cut back plants in late fall or early spring.
• Monitor for powdery mildew. To help avoid problems, ensure good air circulation and refrain from overhead watering. 
• Japanese beetles can also be a problem for both plants.
• Divide clumps in spring or fall every 2 to 4 years.

If you haven't explored these herbs in the past, they're worth a look. 

Happy gardening!